Vol. 11 No. 5 (2014)

Purpose. Reconstruction of the main forms (generating model, code, subject (actor)) of the Soviet state-civilization in conditions of the post-Soviet Thermidor. Interpretation of nature of the Thermidorian coup in modern Russia and of place the anti-corruption revolution takes in this process. Determination of the fundamentally new forms of identification and sovereignization of the Russian history. Methods. As a methodological basis of the research J.Baudrillard’s ideas on implosion and pataphysical death of the complex social systems are used. Scientific novelty. The role and place of the Soviet state-civilization in the post-Soviet Thermodor are identified. The specific logic is revealed of its transformation into a hyper-simulacrum that through implosion commits a symbolic “suicide” denationalization of the state-popular, state-powerful, state-national sovereignization, as a result of which a real possibility of self-development for the relatively independent Russian state and the Russian civilization emerges. The idea of three fundamentally new forms of the Russian history identification historical, civilizational and global is also substantiated.

Purpose. Analysis of the role and specific goals of the state in the context of strategic management. Methodology and methods. On the basis of socio-managerial and market-strategic approaches to public administration the authors carried out a comparative and a retrospective analysis of the foundations of strategic management by the state. Results and scientific novelty. The article defines the concept of market-strategic management, the implementation of which is based on a partnership between the state and market actors in the field of strategic management; the role of the state in this interaction which is to optimize the total strategy of business entities is substantiated; difference between the mobilization and the market-strategic concepts is provided; the specific content of public policies in the field of economy, their quantitative and qualitative forms are examined; specific and functional objectives of public policies are considered.

Purpose. Examination of dynamics of assessment of the political situation by population in Russia and formation of a system of indicators reflecting the subjective assessment of the political situation in the country. Methods. The study is based on the results of sociological surveys of the population. Results and practical significance. The article describes dynamics of assessment by population in 1993-2012 of the urgency of the political situation in the country, mass protesting, political optimism compared to the assessment of economic optimism. It reflects the political situation in the country through the prism of popular mentality. Scientific novelty. The article provides ratio of population assessment of the urgency of the political situation in the country, chances of mass protest, political optimism (pessimism). Aggregate assessment of the political situation in the country allows monitoring the dynamics of the political tension urgency in the society. These indicators are designed to assess the response of the population to political decisions.

Purpose. Theoretical justification of the potential emerging and functioning of social institutions of the national identity destruction (destructive institutions) exemplified by the Ukrainian Euromaidan. Methods. Application of institutional method for interpreting and summarizing of the events in Ukraine, called "Euromaidan." As the main approaches to study the potential existence of destructive institutions structural and targeted approaches were used. Results. Theoretical possibility of the destructive institutions existence is justified. One of these institutions the "color revolutions" is analyzed. The obtained theoretical results were approved through the analysis of a particular social reality the events in the Independence Square (Maidan) in autumn 2013 spring 2014. It is concluded that, in the course of "revolutionary" events in Ukraine the "color revolution" was transformed from a positive institution of social reality transformation into the destructive institution of demolition of the latter which resulted in elimination at the final stage of the "revolution" of the main institutions of the Ukrainian identity. It is proved that the color revolution institution is of export nature. The forecast concerning the possible use of this institution by the United States against China and Russia is provided. Scientific novelty. Scientific novelty lies in the justification of the possible existence of destructive institutions, in particular of the national identity destruction institution, and in the application of the obtained theoretical results analyze the events in the Ukrainian Euromaidan.

Purpose. Examination of content of the road mapping method, its application and effectiveness in modern organizations. Methods. The young professionals’ awareness of the roadmaps is analyzed; the completeness of road mapping as a tool for management decision-making and organizational development in contrast to other tools is identified. Results. The basic advantages of road mapping as a method of project management are revealed. The scope of the roadmaps in modern organizations is identified. Scientific novelty. Universal methods of road maps creation are elaborated. A new method of mapping application on the basis of road design portals is revealed.

Purpose. Assessment of compliance of the existing system of customs bodies of the Russian Federation to modern conditions, elaboration of proposals for its possible adjustment. Methods. The research is based on a comparative analysis of administrative and legal status and authority of the existing customs bodies of the Russian Federation in conditions of introducing customs electronic declaration, as well as summarizing of the materials submitted by the customs authorities of the Russian Federation in a collection of the scientific and practical conference. Results and practical importance. The elaborated conclusions justify the need to adjust the existing system of customs bodies of the Russian Federation and to specify the list of functions of these executive bodies. As a result of the proposed changes, customs administrations and customs posts should be abolished and their functions transferred to the management bodies which are structural subdivision of the Federal Customs Service of the Russian Federation. The proposed optimization of the customs bodies system will allow for reducing costs of the state budget and increasing efficiency of the customs bodies of the Russian Federation. Scientific novelty. In connection with the introduction in January 2014 of mandatory electronic declaration of goods transported across the customs border of the Customs Union, with the majority of them coinciding with the state border of the Russian Federation, it is the first time when an informed opinion on the RF customs bodies reduction and the need to clarify and redistribute their functions is put forward.

Purpose. Studying of the social functions of military education and their implementation in military training centers (MTC) as part of civilian universities. Methods. When writing this article the regulatory framework of military training centers in the structure of civilian universities, monographic publications and articles on military training, its reforming and development at the present stage were studied, analytical and comparative methods of scientific knowledge were applied. Results. The article analyzed the functions of military training centers in the military, economic, social and cultural fields. The author identified latent and open MTC functions and their implementation in the present conditions of military training reform. Conclusions and proposals set out in the article can be applied for a deeper perspective sociological analysis of military training centers in the structure of civilian universities as a subsystem of military training. Scientific novelty. Scientific novelty lies in studying of the functions of military training in conditions of their implementation in the new social conditions of regular officers training in the structure of a civilian university, as the least sociologically studied social practice in training and replacement of the regular officer resource for the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Purpose: Development of the content of further professional training of the public and municipal employees in the demographic sphere and the disclosure of its potential outcomes in the form of practically required competencies. The study was sponsored by the RSSF in the frames of the research project ("Motivation of parental labour, strategy and tactics of regulation of reproductive attitudes of the population in the Ural Region"), project number 12-03-00073a. Methodology and methods. The basis for the further training program development is the competence approach, aimed at identifying the most important training outcomes adequate to demographic problems of the Ural region. Results. Objectives of the further professional training of public and municipal employees in the demographic sphere are defined, specialized competencies it is aimed at are identified, re-training as a potential form is considered. As part of the further professional training program the three-level model of studies is offered, including the theoretical and methodological, methodical and technological levels. General content of the proposed disciplines is revealed. Scientific novelty. Scientific novelty is in the outcomes of the comparative analysis between the content of specific disciplines and identifying of the potential learning outcomes at the level of the further professional training for a specific group of specialists.

Purpose and methods. The proposed study continues the line of studies on features of personality of various professional groups (in the present study federal civil servants ). The subject of research is the relationship and influence of social attitudes of civil servants on particular manifestations of behavioral responses in terms of organizational behavior. At that attitudes are seen as factors predicting social behavior of an actor. In addition, social attitudes are also an element of personality (dispositional approach). In this connection, we have suggested that differences in social attitudes (i.e. a state of readiness to perform actions, trends to certain activities) of civil servants are interrelated and have a significant influence (effects) on their specific organizational behavior. Social attitudes are considered in terms of the theory by D.N. Uznadze, organizational behavior in terms of an integrated approach by Yu.G. Semenov. Results and novelty. As a result, the study identified a number of scientific facts. First, the attitudes and characteristics of behavioral responses (in terms of the implementation of the principles of organizational behavior) constitute a single system of attitudes of public civil servants. Second, the factor of material incentive of civil servants (the satisfaction of material needs in performing their activity) influences the characteristics of organizational behavior. The higher the level of expression of this factor among civil servants, the less they express needs: (1) to respond to citizens' requests, (2) to provide some professional help to colleagues, (3) to share experiences and knowledge with colleagues. Moreover, this factor is a mediator of the civil servants' readiness to the innovation processes in performing their duties. So, this study may be seen as the empirical background to the development of one of the criteria for selection and recruitment for the positions of the civil service at federal level. This criterion is testing the social attitudes of candidates for the vacant posts of various categories of civil service.

Purpose. Critical analysis of the efficient use of competence models for solving the problem of selection of candidates for a leading position. Methodology and methods. In the framework of the competence and situational-normativist approaches comparative analysis, simulation, synthesis and evaluation are used as basic methods. Results and scientific innovation. Most models include a list of competencies, which are socially acceptable features. Correlation of these qualities with management effectiveness is not established. Methods used both to generate a list of competencies and to estimate candidates for a leading position, cannot provide a solution to the problem of forecasting the efficiency of the candidates for the head.

Purpose. A comparative analysis of innovation development and potential indicators of Russia in the global innovation system to: identify major trends and features of the open national innovation system (NIS) functioning and development in Russia; determine main directions of improving governance of NIS. Methods. The basis of the study is the author's double-contour system of comparative analysis which considers both the internal and external indicators of NIS of Russia. The method of economic, statistical and system analysis have been applied, a set of causal, economic and mathematical methods have been used. Results. Conclusions have been made about the relatively high potential of the Russian NIS and the average development indicators compared to the global ones. The reasons for this are laid in the inner contour of innovative development due to the weak interaction of the federal, regional and municipal levels of the innovation system management in Russia. Scientific novelty. Methodological techniques used for the assessment and development of indicators of the NIS potential and development in Russia in the global innovation system through double-contour system of analysis have been developed and justified: the resulting macroeconomic indicators of the national innovation system and the internal environment of the national innovation system. Provisions on the need for improving the open NIS management in Russia have been formulated.

Purpose. The study of the theoretical foundations of project management in regional bodies. The development of theoretical approaches to interregional project management. Methods. The study is based on the methods of the theory of project management in commercial and public organizations, as well as the methods of systems analysis. Results. The classification of the principles, methods and tools of interregional project management in public bodies is provided. Scientific novelty. The theory of project management is extended in relation to the interregional project management in public and municipal authorities.

Purpose: to identify the role of territorial marketing in the process of socio-economic development. Methods: Trends of socio-economic development based on an analytical comparison of the theoretical and practical aspects of urban development in Russia and abroad are analyzed. Results: The main trends of the current state of socio-economic development are identified on the example of Russia. The place of the territorial marketing in the system of municipal management, appropriateness and legitimacy of its use are revealed. Scientific novelty: The place of the territorial marketing in the municipal administration system is defined, its relationship with the management of the socio-economic development and its tools is provided.

Purpose. To analyze the steps of reforming the structure of the national energy sector, to identify preconditions and consequences of such transformations. Methods. On the basis of historical experience the dynamics of the energy sector development is analyzed, interconnection between socio-economic needs of state at a certain development stage and directions of reforming the energy sector is researched. Results. Causal relations of the energy sector reform stages are revealed, general outcomes of energy sector enterprises reorganization are aggregated, new participants of the electrical-energy market are identified. Scientific novelty. Factors that led to the need of reforming and reorganization of the electric power industry are defined, stages of reforming the industry are clarified, positive and negative characteristics of electric power due to reform formulate are formulated.

Purpose. Assessment of the current state of natural resources use in modern ecological-economic systems and territories. On the example of a territory of the Russian Federation CMW resort sub-region issues of formation and implementation of the territorial development management model considering the environmental safety threshold. Methods. The study is based on the theory of sustainable development, a comparative analysis of the elements of the economic mechanism of natural resources use in countries with market economies. Results. Possible ways of forming the spatial paradigm of the green economy are revealed and promising practices of managing environmentally oriented development of recreational areas considering the world experience of sustainable development are offered. On the basis of evidence-based approaches as well as the own conclusions the relationship of the objectives of economic development and environmentally safe condition of ecological and economic systems and territories is researched. Scientific novelty. The author justifies the specifics of influence of the forms and methods of green economy on the ecologically sustainable development of recreational areas. Potential forms and methods of management in the field of nature use in the framework of sustainable development theory are also identified.

Purpose. In the article the author examined putting into practice factor analysis of the profit of a holding company in the conditions of market transformations. She investigated the influence of sides’ interests on forming a profit of holding company. Methods and methodology. The problem of improving theoretical and methodical bases of factor analysis was set. Results and scientific innovation. The author improved the criteria of factor analysis of the profit of a holding company and applied this approach on the example of the ukrainian holding company.

Purpose. Development of theoretical and methodological foundations for assessment of the impact of stakeholders’ interests on the formation of a holding company profits. Methods. Improvement of factor analysis is performed using the methods of scientific abstraction, modeling, analysis and synthesis techniques, ration method, grouping, deduction and induction. Results. The proposed factor analysis allows evaluating the impact of interests on income and identifying the source of its increase, which is in the range of stakeholders’ interests. This in its turn encourages top managers to the appropriate steps to improve the mechanism of organizational and economic factors influence on the financial outcome of the holding company. Factor analysis with regard to the stakeholders’ interests can contribute to increasing effectiveness of profit management of a holding company. Scientific novelty. Scientific novelty is in improvement of criteria of factor analysis of profit of the holding company based on the stakeholders’ interests, which in quantitative terms is components forming the profit of a holding company and classified according to the direction and source of influence.

Purpose. The publication considers real situation in the field of practical experience of organizing profitable (entrepreneurial) activities in the secondary education institutions of different legal types in the conditions of the second stage of the reform of the public sector of the Russian economy. Methods and scientific novelty. As the analytical framework of the research comparative data on the subjects of the Russian Federation within the Ural Federal District is used allowing the authors to identify the trends of the legal regulation of entrepreneurship of the subordinate institutions in a local territory. Results. Particular attention is paid to the problems of financial and managerial hindering of the efficient development of entrepreneurship at schools, and to recommendations for the optimization of the mechanism for providing additional paid services.

Purpose: Consideration of certain regulatory structures of the Russian electoral law controversially assessed in the course of law enforcement and through that circumstance becoming an object of constitutional supervision. Methods: In the course of the research the legalistic, formal-logical and sociological methods of scientific knowledge are applied. The method of comparative legal analysis is used for examining the prior legislative structures on elections. Results: The author considers positive and negative sides of the "municipal filter" structures in the election of heads of the RF subjects, the early voting and restrictions of the passive electoral rights of individuals sentenced to imprisonment. Also, advantages and disadvantages of these elected institutions are identified. Scientific novelty: The author's assessment is provided of the innovations in electoral legislation in the part of the early voting, supporting candidates in elections of regional leaders, other regulatory structures and legal positions of the RF Constitutional Court regarding the controversial and problematic electoral institutions.

The purpose of the research is to study statutory regulations combating corruption in Singapore; analysis of legal acts in Singapore which form the basis of the implementation of anti-corruption policy of Singapore. The methodological basis of the research is general scientific methods of cognition (analysis, synthesis, analogy, classification, comparison), systemic and historical comparative methods. As a result of the research the basic legal acts in Singapore and other foreign countries (Hong Kong, UK, USA) in the field of combating corruption have been analyzed. Legal provisions under criminal law have been identified in "positive" legislation. The trends of the public and private agencies performance in the field of combating corruption have been revealed. The shortcomings in the anti-corruption policy of Singapore pointed out by Transparency International experts have been analyzed. Scientific novelty is provided through analyzing legal framework of combating corruption in Singapore; through presentation using comparativist approach of the outcomes of researching regulatory legal acts of Singapore.

Purpose. To analyze legal acts aimed at the prevention of corruption in public procurement in the Republic of Belarus for identifying possible improvements of such activities. Methods. The research used general and special scientific methods: comparative legal to study the statutory legal regulation of public procurement; structural logic to determine factors affecting the level of corruption in public procurement; logical-legal to formulate proposals regarding the improvement of the regulatory prevention of corruption in public procurement. Results and scope: The provided measures to prevent corruption in public procurement in the Republic of Belarus may be applied to improve the mechanisms of combating corruption in public procurement not only in the Republic of Belarus but also in other countries. Also, these measures to prevent corruption in public procurement can be used for further research of the problems in the considered sphere. Scientific novelty. The regulatory acts aimed at the prevention of corruption in public procurement in the Republic of Belarus are analyzed, the factors affecting the level of corruption in public procurement are defined and possible ways of improving this activity are offered.

Purpose: To study the causes of the adoption of regulations hindering the fight against organized crime, corruption and abuse in public service. Methods: Analysis of the historical aspects of the formation of organized crime in post-Soviet Russia, its entry into the government system and merging with public authorities. Analysis of a number of regulations in terms of meeting interests of the organized crime. Results: The processes are researched of the organized crime henchmen entering into public authorities, including legislative bodies, considering the specifics of the formation of a new socio-economic system in the post-Soviet Russia, the active redistribution of public property and its transfer to private ownership, also by criminal means and methods. It is concluded that these individuals affected the legislative process in order to meet the needs of organized crime. Scientific novelty: The scientific novelty lies in the study and analysis of the current legislation from the point of meeting the demands of organized crime and the confirmation of the statement of the organized crime entry into the legislature and impeding the adoption of laws that can be used for the suppression of corruption and abuse in public service.

Purpose. The article describes the constitutional and legal foundations for public participation in law enforcement activities. Methods. On the basis of existing approaches to law enforcement the author carries out a comparative analysis of the basic concepts of public participation in the interaction with the structures under consideration and based on a critical analysis identifies key points of interaction, requiring additional regulation and legal regulation. Scientific novelty and results. The author justifies the need for the participation of the Russian public in implementing the will of the members of civil society and the impact of this will on the state institutions, including the police. The importance of the interaction between public institutions and the state as a means of mitigating social tensions is indicated. The key issues of public interaction with law enforcement authorities in case of active interference in their activities are revealed.

Цель. Чтобы открыть содержимое «тактической операции», а также отслеживать его взаимосвязь с соседними «тактической комбинации» Методология и методы. Представлены работы известных специалистов в области уголовного процесса и криминалистики, с последовательным применением системы и структурных и сравнительно-правовых методов исследования. Результаты. Содержание тактической операции считается, взаимосвязь ее структурных элементов исследуется. Место процессуальных и оперативно-розыскных мероприятий в структуре тактической операции определяется, а также дифференциация один последовательный концепции тактической комбинации осуществляется. Научная новизна. Определяется тем, что какого-либо процедурного или нет процессуального действия с позиции системного и структурного подхода рассматривается как элемент тактической операции, как практически всегда представляет собой неотъемлемую часть системы взаимосвязанных действий различных участников. Классические идеи структуре тактической операции обобщаются.

Purpose: to identify inconsistencies and gaps in the legal regulation of the use of firearms by police officers first of all in situations of apprehending the offenders committing crime or other socially dangerous acts and also of relevant self-defense. Methods: rules in Chapter 5 of the Federal Law "On Police" regulating the grounds and procedures of the use of force, special means and firearms by the police officers, as well as their relation to the norms of the RF Criminal Code regulating the lawful infliction of harm during the arrest and relevant self-defense. Scientific novelty: certain shortcomings in the provisions of the Federal Law "On Police" significantly worsening the position of police officers in violent actions against offenders compared to the rest of the citizens are identified. Possible solutions, including by adjusting the current criminal and other legislation are demonstrated. Results: The identified legal contradictions not only affect the legal assessment of the police actions, but considerably reduce efficiency of their activities of combating crime and other illegal actions; they ify the reasonable initiative of the law enforcement bodies, without which it is impossible to successfully confront the criminal aggression.

Purpose. To study legal aspects of social risk management. Methods. The article considers the concept of social risk as a fundamental category of social security law; it analyzes regulatory acts on social security, and normative legal acts of other branches, confirming various stages of social risk management. Results. On the basis of the research it was concluded that the formation and functioning of the social security system can be regarded as a system of social risk management. This category is an independent subject of scientific research overlapping with several other branches of law. The results contribute to the enrichment of theoretical tools of social security law and improvement of legal regulation effectiveness in the social sphere. Scientific novelty. Scientific novelty lies in studying of social security from the point of formalization, evaluation, compensation (minimization), social risks prevention.

Purpose. The article analyzes the formation of a new electoral law to local government. Methods. The article provides a historiographical analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the zemsky electoral law. Results and scientific innovation. The author examines all aspects of the curial electoral process in a particular historical area. In the research the author provides estimation of the formation of a new electoral law to the local authorities, gives a comparison of the rights and legal awareness of the population for the historical period under review.

Purpose. The study of the status of individuals, groups of citizens and associations of citizens (legal entities) as the subjects of will declaration within the meaning of Article 33 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Methods. On the basis of the systematic structural, formal, legal, logical and comparative-legal methods the acting legal regulation of the status of subjects of the constitutional right to appeal are analyzed. Results. A system of subjects of the constitutional right to appeal is provided. The subjects of will declaration: citizens, groups of citizens, their associations and legal entities are identified. Legal status of each of these subjects is analyzed. The author particularly studied the status of associations of citizens and legal entities and the reasons for their inclusion in the Federal Law "On the order of consideration of the RF citizens’ appeals" as the new subjects of the right to appeal. Foreign experience of regulating the legal persons’ right to appeal is also considered. The problems of legal capacity in relation to the institution of legal appeals are researched. Proposals for improving the legislation of appeals are given. Amendments clarifying the scope of the Federal Law "On the order of considering the RF citizens’ appeals" are proposed and the reduction of age (to 14 years) required for individuals to exercise their constitutional right to appeal is justified. Scientific novelty. Scientific novelty of the system lies in the systemic study of the subjects of the constitutional right to appeal. Classification of the subjects of will declaration is proposed. Legal entities and associations of citizens as "new" subjects of the constitutional right to appeal are analyzed. It is proposed to regulatory formalize the concepts of the terms applicant and organization. The problem of the age at which citizens acquire the right to appeal is researched.

Purpose: Analysis of the current issues related to the preventive and law enforcement activities in the fight against modern Russian organized crime in the absence of a specialized agency (liquidation in September 2008 of Agency for Combating Organized Crime and Terrorism of Russian MIA) of such activities. Methods: The material is based on a study of problems emerged in connection with the qualitative change in the parameters of crime and its organized forms which requires reconsideration of the existing views on the struggle against it, the development of new appropriate forms and methods. The author justifies the reasons why the active opposition of organized crime remains one of the key policies of criminological and national security. Results and scope of application: Special attention is given to specialized agencies involved in the fight against organized crime. The article reveals the content and scope of their multi-aspect activities. It is concluded that it is necessary to concentrate attention on coordination and integration of efforts of the law enforcement bodies to ensure lawful and reasonable prevention of organized crime. Scientific novelty: The scientific novelty lies in researching the social and legal prerequisites of the systemic anticriminogenic effect of the preventing agencies on organized crime. Special attention is given to differences in existing approaches of legal scholars and practitioners to identification of the nature and to specifics of the activities of law enforcement bodies directly involved in prevention of the phenomenon of modern organized crime, forming the system of organizational and other measures to counter it. Possible ways of improvement and development prospects of the system of organized crime prevention in the internal affairs bodies are identified.

Purpose. The study of the causes of poor results in fighting cybercrime. Methods. The methodological basis of this work is the dialectical method of cognition with application of the development, holistic and systemic principles. The paper used scientific and special legal methods: comparative, systemic and structural, theoretical and methodological and others. Changes in the international legislation to combat cybercrime are studied, practical results available in this field of combating crime on the part of the European Centre for Combating cybercrime (EU-3) are summarized and the existing practice of investigative and judicial authorities of the Russian Federation in the fight against cybercrime is analyzed. Results. Based on researching the dynamics of a sharp increase in the number of cybercrimes and computer fraud in particular the author draws the conclusions of the urgency to strengthen the fight against computer fraud by combining the efforts of law enforcement agencies of all countries in the world, of the mandatory criminalization of cybercrime in all states, of coordinated teamwork of all law enforcement agencies of Russia responsible to fight against computer fraud. The author draws a reasonable conclusion about the urgent need to strengthen the penalties for committing cybercrime, and makes proposals to coordinate the fight against cybercrime by all the institutions of civil society in Russia. Scientific novelty. It should be stated that up to the present time this problem hasn’t been researched enough in the Russian science of criminal law. Scientific novelty lies in the constructive study of the existing international conventions against computer fraud, in identifying direct contradictions in these regulations, in studying carefully the practice of the Russian Federation law enforcement agencies to combat cybercrime.

Purpose and methods. The paper considers the problem of conflicts within the framework of the sources of the national security policy and how to alleviate them, the role of monitoring the Elimination of shortcomings of legal regulation. This topic is relevant because the existence of conflicts of legal regulation makes the effective implementation of the law impossible, which is particularly problematic in the area of national security, where it comes to the vital interests of the nation. Results and scientific innovation. The structure of the thesis consists of the symbol of the problem of conflicts in this area, the next is the description of the conflict of terminology, then the conflicting functions of monitoring authorities and provide suggestions for fixing the problem. The author concluded that, to avoid conflicts in this area must be given appropriate functions for monitoring the Security Council of the Russian Federation. The contribution of the author is to attempt to analyse the conflicts existing in the field and ways to overcome them.