Vol. 67 No. 6 (2020)

The article is devoted to the content of scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation, taking into account the factor role of the digital economy and industrial development. The correlation and interdependence of scientific and technological development, national security protection and transformation of socio-political processes are revealed. The authors identify the problem areas highlighted in the Strategy of scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation, related to the economy’s insensitivity to innovations; the lack of knowledge and technology transfer between the defense and civil sectors of the economy. The authors’ analysis of the strategy implementation process revealed disproportions in the implementation of innovations in various sectors of the economy. Novelty of the research. The authors warn against a simplified interpretation of the role of digital technologies: full-fledged scientific and technological evolution through digital transformations without the development of the real sector of industrial production is illusory. There is a problem related to the fact that the ideology of the digital economy has shifted from the basic industrial basis to related areas, significantly reducing the presence of the industry. Information technologies and the financial sector have exclusively become the basis of the digital economy in Russia. The authors come to the conclusion that it is necessary to eliminate the bias towards directly digital information technologies, comprehensively developing digital industrial competencies, when promoting the ideology of the digital economy in the Russian Federation. The author’s approach to the discussion of the impact of digitalization processes on the implementation of democracy and political struggle, and the emergence of new forms of political manipulation is presented. The transition of a significant part of the processes of political and social interaction to new technologies, primarily the Internet, radically changes the format of security threats. The author reveals the forms of changing social standards - transformation of political processes and political interaction.

The topicality of the study is substantiated due to the processes of distancing and aggravating social inequality in the Russian context, as well as the contradiction between the formalization of the strategic development of municipalities and the degree of involvement of local communities in it. The article assesses the vision of residents who participated in foresights, trends in the development of municipalities. A specific scientific task is aimed at finding a socio-constructive management technology that can resolve this contradiction through certain trends, to standardize and optimize the development of municipalities. The methodological base is presented by systematization of the materials of the “Trends” tact in a series of Foresight Rapid 4.0 technology modification using the conceptual matrix of social constructive management and supporting the conclusions by the conclusion of a generalized analysis of sociological research data. The novelty of the results: 1) the types of social control, namely social constructive and social destructive with their subject fields determined; 2) trends for the modules that allowed to generalize the vision of development from within the 22 municipal districts in 2018 are classified; 3) the work methods with the trends within the projects development of municipalities strategy elaboration are introduced. Conclusions: 1) the foresight participants determined that the key challenge to development is the loss of highly qualified personnel due to migration to highly urbanized centers; 2) the key advantage in competition for high-quality human resources is the preservation of ethno-cultural identity, the development of community and social activism; 3) the key to success lies in resolving the contradictions in the field of labor and employment between the creation of low-skilled jobs and the demand for high-skilled jobs, between collective forms of work and self-employment, between freelance opportunities and undeveloped competencies. These circumstances are reflected in the strategies of socio-economic development of municipal districts until 2030. However, the owners of the process - local authorities - focus towards the contribution to the achievement of the targets that are defined in the region’s strategy. In most cases, the participation of local communities remains within the framework of foresights. Perspectives for the study are stipulated by challenges for the strategic management system as a whole: the detection, identification and monitoring of destructive trends; search of technology tools to transfer from a latent to an explicit trend; search of tools to transfer from a destructive to a constructive condition using the minimax principle.

The article is devoted to solving the standard problems of an old industrial region in the framework of the application of a genetic approach, which examines the geocode of the territory that is a system of its hereditary records, which determines its economic specifics and aptitude to various endogenous processes. The purpose of the article is to prove the scientific hypothesis that the economic geocode of an old industrial region illustrates not only its low innovation capacity, but also its weak aptitude to innovative development, which hinders the industrial renewal of the territory. To prove the hypothesis it was necessary to solve the following tasks: to reveal the economic identity of the functioning of old industrial regions that determine the specificity of their geocode; to develop a method of assessing the aptitude of an old industrial region to innovative development in terms of its economic geocode territory; to test the guidelines identifying the transforming directions of the innovation component in the economic geocode of an old industrial region. The research is based on the author’s matrix method for identifying the aptitude of the old industrial territory to innovative development using evaluation indicators that reflect the demand, quality and capacity of scientific and innovative performance of universities, which are the basic generators of innovative ideas and applied technical developments for industrial enterprises in the region. Approbation of the author’s method and proof of the scientific hypothesis were carried out within the context of the Sverdlovsk, Tyumen and Chelyabinsk regions of the Ural region. The assumption that the old industrial region has a low predisposition to innovative development turned out to be correct. It was also found that the Sverdlovsk region has the greatest propensity for innovative development, although its value is not high at the interregional level of comparisons. The obtained results indicate that the geocode considered old-industrial region contains the values of the performance indicators, yielding similar indicators of the Central territories of the Russian Federation that actualizes the necessity of improving the organization of scientific and innovation activities of leading universities in the territories in the context of transformation of their economic geocode.

Purpose: to identify the existing problems in the financial management of the non-profit sector; consideration of the benefits of digital transformation in relation to socially oriented non-profit organizations and its impact on the implementation of socially important programs and projects, improving social services for the population. Methodology and methods: based on the application of general economic and private scientific methods - analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, system and institutional approaches, economic, factor and criterion types of analysis, heuristic methods, the use of content analysis in processing official statistical data, the results of sociological research and expert assessments-theoretical positions and empirical materials, legislative documents are studied, information from various sources is verified. The study used materials from official information sources (regulatory legal regulations and instructions, scientific papers, reports, and other publications), which form a reliable basis for analyzing the specifics of non-profit organizations. Results: taking into consideration consideration of what is happening in the national financial system transformation the authors conducted a comparative analysis of the measures proposed by the national government and the actions implemented by the competent authorities. These actions are strategically linked to achieving balanced development of the finances of non-profit organizations and strengthening the dynamically developing element - finances - of socially oriented non-profit organizations. The reasons that hinder the functioning of the non-profit sector and hinder the effective financial management of non-profit organizations, the formation and use of financial resources intended for solving socially significant problems of society are identified. Methods and technologies of financial and economic regulation recommended for practical use are systematized; proposals are formulated to improve the results of the non-profit sector. Recommendations: in order to improve the efficiency of the social service sector, it is advisable for public and municipal authorities to take into account the specifics of spatial development in order to maximize the use of resource and labor potential, as well as the settlement structure of the population when developing strategic and tactical issues related to the functioning of the non-profit sector, developing special programs, projects and activities, and designing institutional infrastructure facilities. In order to improve the results and strengthen the financial and economic situation, the management of socially oriented non-profit organizations should focus on demand and choose the most popular types of activities at the municipal level of management; take into account living conditions of the consumers of socially significant services in urban and rural areas; use innovative methods and tools to increase productivity and results; focus on the maximum use of effective digital technologies; give priority to staff training and professional development. The scientific novelty of the work consists in selecting tools for socially oriented non-profit organizations and justifying the feasibility of using the recommended innovations to improve the efficiency of social services.

The study of global economic and social risks is of particular importance due to the transformation of the labor sphere in Russia and the world. The authors’ attention is paid to the trends of transition to changing the system of labor relations within the context of the fourth industrial revolution. Purpose. Identification of zones of impact of global economic and social risks on the sphere of labor relations, depending on the rapidly changing external and internal factors of labor associated with the fourth industrial revolution. Methods. The authors used classical methods of statistical and system analysis when studying statistical data, reports of international organizations, and analytical materials. Additionally, elements of sociological research are applied, which consist in using data from sociological surveys and expert surveys. Results. The analysis of the impact of global threats on labor relations has shown insufficient development of this problem. The authors identified the main risk zones in the field of labor relations, taking into account the impact of external (global) - social and economic-and internal (psychological) factors: unemployment, reduced income, reduced labor productivity, labor migration, physical and psychological ability to work, and working conditions. Trends in the transformation of labor relations in the modern changed conditions of the coronavirus pandemic are analyzed. Further research is planned to identify areas of impact of global economic and social risks of the fourth industrial revolution that are specific to individual countries and regions. Scientific novelty. The integrated approach allowed the authors to consider the psychological risks that affect the social and psychological well-being of employees in relation to global risks.

This article presents an analysis of the features of career management by University students. The study involved the students of the areas of training “Labor Economics and Personnel Management” of the Ural State University of Economics. The analysis of the obtained data allowed us to determine whether students consciously or not chose this specialty, what they see as the difficulties of employment, what functions of personnel management they plan to work in, what place in life they put career success, what topics in career management are the most relevant for them. The author also offers several recommendations that will improve the learning process, as well as make the development of students more focused and closer to the technologies used in business. The article focuses on the fact that it is important for students to develop supra-professional competencies, since they play an important role in building a career. The object of research in this article are students of the specialty “Labor Economics and Personnel Management”. The purpose of the article is to analyze the results of a survey of students on how they manage their career during their studies at the University. To achieve this goal the author set the following tasks for himself: 1. Determine what influenced the choice of specialty “Labor Economics and Personnel Management”, as far as it was conscious. 2. Evaluate how the Department of Labor Economics and Personnel Management and the University can help students manage their careers, determine the efforts of students in the proposed activities on the part of the University. 3. Analyze the current and planned labor activity of students (whether they work in their specialty, and if not, whether they plan to). 4. Evaluate where students place their careers in their lives and what topics are relevant to them in the context of career management.

Problem definition. In the academic literature devoted to studies of destructive activity in cyberspace, most of the works have political groups as their subject. Meanwhile, there are radical communities of non-political orientation that cause a negative public response, but have not yet become the object of systematic theoretical efforts. These include teenage Internet associations with an extremist orientation. Purpose. The article aims at a comparative analysis of teenage Internet communities in the Russian segment of the Internet that are characterized by the rhetoric of hatred: young people focused on criminal values and Russian school shooters. These groups are compared according to a number of ideological, social, organizational and linguistic parameters. Method of research. The implementation of these tasks requires the use of both theoretical and empirical research techniques. First, it is a categorical-criteria analysis, a thesaurus, and a critical discourse analysis. Secondly, it is the collection of material using general and special search programs and information and search thesaurus. The central concept of research and at the same time its criterion is the concept of hatred. Results. Based on the analysis of the relevant content of social networks, Internet accounts and using the developed thesaurus, a set of Internet communities with characteristic hater symptoms was identified. The main Internet areas and account locations of the identified hate groups, as well as approximate variations of their representation in the Vkontakte social network, are established. Substantial “passports” of their main ideological and subcultural characteristics were compiled, which became the basis for their comparative analysis. Scientific novelty. The hypothesis about the widespread use of teenage Internet associations with the rhetoric hatred is confirmed. Community of J.R.U. and school shooters Identified and mapped according to a number of grounds. Practical significance. As a result, the range of social danger of these hate groups is determined. According to a number of criteria, they are classified as extremist because of the systematic use of physical violence and the presence of victims. The materials of the article may be of interest to both specialists in social studies and practical managers, as well as specialists in security issues.

Purpose. To determine the main content of a virtual organization in the framework of cluster theory from the perspective of the project approach. Methods. The research methodology is based on system and project approaches in terms of defining relations between organizations in the process of their interaction, both physical and virtual. Based on the provisions of the cluster theory, a description of the content of integration of organizations tied to the value chain is constructed. The model of creating mental maps is used as tools for building the main content of virtual organizations. From the point of view of the system approach, the stages of cluster development are determined based on a combination of such attributes of the organization as virtuality, cluster state, and project management. Results. A mental map of a virtual organization was constructed, which allowed us to organize the main characteristics of such an organization, the need for its creation, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the organization as a socio-economic phenomenon. The possibility of creating a cluster based on the principles of virtualization of relations between cluster members is shown. The content of the stages of transition of a venture project to a virtual cluster with network features, and then to a virtual cluster project for the production of a personalized product, as well as the possibility of continuing the development of the cluster in terms of implementing the project of forming a real cluster around a leading organization, is substantiated. Scientific novelty. A distinctive feature of the proposed combination of cluster theory with the project approach and the theory of virtual organizations is to justify the possibility of forming a real cluster as a result of passing through four stages: start-up project, a virtual cluster, cluster for production of a personalized product and production cluster product serial or mass production. In addition, a mental model of a virtual organization is constructed, which is characterized by an ordered representation of the main characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of a virtual organization.

Purpose. The article reflects the main problems of management and ways to improve the production resources of the enterprise. During the research of the topic, the following goals were defined: - research on the nature of the production resources exploitation in the activities of enterprises and companies; - calculation of the main performance indicators of the fixed assets exploitation: return on investment and capital-labor ratio; - calculation of material productivity and materials intensity; - identification of the main problems and ways to improve the use of production resources of enterprises. Methods. During the research, such research methods as comparative and statistical, structural analysis, synthesis and deduction methods, as well as other methods and techniques were widely used. Results. The results of the research reside in the fact that the conclusions and proposals, scientific provisions formulated in the research work, bring a deeper and better content, they can be used in the further scientific development of issues related to the use of production resources of the enterprise when conducting research in the field of accounting and financial reporting at enterprises. Novelty. The novelty and practical significance of the research work is determined by the fact that the provisions and conclusions obtained during the research can serve as a basis for determining management problems and ways to improve the use of production resources at enterprises. The study analyzes the efficiency of using the enterprise’s production resources, in particular, such as return on investment, capital-labor ratio, capital-output ratio, material productivity, and material intensity, and determines the factors that affect the value of these indicators. The article reflects the basic principles and methods of forming an economically rational capital structure.

Currently, the phrase “smart city” is applied to the essence of the city very often - this is the reaction of society, which has realized the importance of the quality of urban capital, through the evaluation of indicators of productivity, communication density, “mobility” and “flexibility” of the city. The pluralism of approaches to definition of a “smart city” remains the main problem, why it is difficult to apply the phrase “smart city” to the concept and characteristics of cities, which has led to the lack of an adequate methodology for measuring the “smartness” of the city and, as a result, the impossibility of high-quality and timely decision-making of city management. The method of comparison and grouping is used to analyze approaches to the definition of a “smart” city. As a result, the main shortcomings of approaches to the definition are identified and the author’s approach to the definition of a “smart” city as a complex organizational system for human development in the framework of creating an environmentally, socio-economically and information-technologically safe environment is formulated. Also, a comparative analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of existing methods for evaluating the city according to the criteria of a “smart” city was conducted, as a result of which the author proved the need to revise the methods, which will identify the most pressing problems of city development and develop effective methods for solving them. The author proposed and tested an integral approach to the assessment of a “smart” city, which allows analyzing trends in urban development in retrospect. The proposed assessment methodology is based on 6 smart city criteria, which are evaluated based on 63 indicators that are statistically available in the Russian Federation. The results obtained during the testing of the proposed methodology will allow comparing cities with different populations, identifying “gaps” and factors that contribute to the differentiation of cities according to the criteria of a “smart” city.

Against the background of the development of foreign demography of grandparenthood and the attention of public administration bodies to the problems of the elderly generation, the issue of improving the information and analytical base of decisions taken in this area is being updated. The aim of the study is to develop and implement a methodology for estimating the duration of grandparenthood in Russia based on available and reliable information and statistical resources. We propose the following methodological approaches: differentiation grandparenthood estimates for men and women, the estimation of the age of entry into grandparenthood as the sum of the two average ages of mothers (fathers) at the birth of a child in the current year and the previous generation of women (men), using a combination of sources to estimate the average ages of women and men at the birth of the first child. The results of our research are as follows: 1) in 2007-2016 the average duration of grandmotherhood grew from 26.7 to 28.8, grandfatherhood - from 9.5 to 13.4 years; 2) duration of grandmotherhood is significantly higher than that of grandfathers’; 3) the increase in the duration of grandfatherhood occurs at a faster pace, with the passage of time there is a convergence of the duration of grandparenthood. The Federal project “Senior citizens” of the national project “Demography”, whose implementation in our country began in 2019 and will continue until the end of 2024, aimed at increasing the healthy life expectancy, will increase the duration of (healthy) grandparenthood. The solution of the tasks involved should also lead to an increase in the effects of the grandparents’ involvement in the lives of their grandchildren. We have suggested the possibility of including in the measures already provided for by the Federal project such components that would simultaneously “work” to improve the quality characteristics of grandparenthood, to intensify and energize of grandparental labor.

The article deals with the issues of strategic planning of spatial development of the city from the point of view of its functioning as an interregional trade and transport center of international significance. The need to form an appropriate infrastructure transport and logistics framework of the city is due to the need to implement a single vector of spatial development of two closely related sectors of economic activity - trade and the transport and logistics complex. There are gaps in the existing regulatory documents at all levels that define the prospects for the development of the transport and logistics sector, trade and spatial development of the Sverdlovsk region and Ekaterinburg in terms of consistency in the development of these sectors. The analysis of the trends development is based on the official and departmental statistics revealed the prerequisites that allow us to talk about the prospects for the Ekaterinburg development as an interregional trade and transport center and attracting additional cargo flows to the region. The lack of alternatives on the territory of the country, the specifics of a large industrial city, which is the center of the region, which forms and consumes a significant cargo flow, an advantageous geostrategic position, and other factors determine the uniqueness of such a project. At the same time, the presence of a number of infrastructure constraints and irrational spatial organization are constraining factors for further development. Taking into account the priorities of spatial development outlined in Federal and regional documents and aimed at creating strong agglomerations, the functioning of Ekaterinburg as an international trade and a transport center goes beyond the city and covers adjacent territories. The article offers a conceptual spatial model of the infrastructure transport and logistics framework for the formation of the trade and transport center of Ekaterinburg. The transport and logistics framework combines two infrastructure contours: 1) intra-city, organized on the basis of modernized existing infrastructure; 2) external, representing a ring of 4 major logistics hubs that cover the needs of Ekaterinburg, Sverdlovsk region and neighboring regions in logistics services. Further work will focus on the detailed development of measures aimed at creating a balanced transport and logistics infrastructure and services, developing wholesale trade and increasing cargo flows, as well as evaluating the results of their implementation, taking into account possible competition from existing and promising large transport and logistics facilities in other regions.