Bagirova Anna P.

Introduction. In recent decades, despite the introduction of new economic measures to support families with children, a steady decline in birth rate has been observed in Russia. According to the researchers, negative reproductive attitudes may stem from the highly likely conflict between family and work, which families face after childbirth. A Russian demographic policy measure to mitigate this conflict could be the paren- tal leave regulation. Despite the fact that the Russian labor legislation guarantees parental leave not only for mothers, but also for fathers or other child’s relatives, it is mothers, who most often use this right. Prolonged absence from labor market may cause difficulties for women on their returning to work. As a result, parents need to delegate parental functions to other subjects - grandparents, uncles and aunts, nannies or babysit- ters. The purpose of the research is to identify opportunities for parental leave system transformation as a demographic policy measure based on sociological assessments of delegating parental functions to non- parents during parental leave.

Materials and methods. The empirical basis of the research was a survey of parents whose families for that time had the right for parental leave. 1000 people living in different federal districts of Russia were surveyed.

Results. A rather weak parental functions implementation by other subjects was revealed until the child reaches the age of 1.5 years, with the need to increase the workload of grandparents during this period. Moreover, a need to delegate part of household functions to nannies and other child’s relatives was identified.

Discussion. Applying several tools at a time can contribute to resolving the conflict between family and work among working parents - stimulating more active childcare involvement of non-parents (for example, introducing maternity leave for non-working grandparents or material compensation of their childcare costs), possibility to use childcare leave by two family members at the same time with a reduction in the leave period, active outreach efforts to inform population about the existing measures to support families with children.

Against the background of the development of foreign demography of grandparenthood and the attention of public administration bodies to the problems of the elderly generation, the issue of improving the information and analytical base of decisions taken in this area is being updated. The aim of the study is to develop and implement a methodology for estimating the duration of grandparenthood in Russia based on available and reliable information and statistical resources. We propose the following methodological approaches: differentiation grandparenthood estimates for men and women, the estimation of the age of entry into grandparenthood as the sum of the two average ages of mothers (fathers) at the birth of a child in the current year and the previous generation of women (men), using a combination of sources to estimate the average ages of women and men at the birth of the first child. The results of our research are as follows: 1) in 2007-2016 the average duration of grandmotherhood grew from 26.7 to 28.8, grandfatherhood - from 9.5 to 13.4 years; 2) duration of grandmotherhood is significantly higher than that of grandfathers’; 3) the increase in the duration of grandfatherhood occurs at a faster pace, with the passage of time there is a convergence of the duration of grandparenthood. The Federal project “Senior citizens” of the national project “Demography”, whose implementation in our country began in 2019 and will continue until the end of 2024, aimed at increasing the healthy life expectancy, will increase the duration of (healthy) grandparenthood. The solution of the tasks involved should also lead to an increase in the effects of the grandparents’ involvement in the lives of their grandchildren. We have suggested the possibility of including in the measures already provided for by the Federal project such components that would simultaneously “work” to improve the quality characteristics of grandparenthood, to intensify and energize of grandparental labor.

The demographic situation has a significant impact on the socio-economic development of the country: the age structure of the population, the duration and quality of life, the processes of natural population movement and migration have a strong impact on the economic situation. In the context of unfavorable demographic forecasts, it becomes especially urgent to focus on the issues of the human resources reproduction incentive, as well as the qualitative aspects of their development that affect the country's human capital. One of the reasons for the decline in the birth rate, highlighted by demographers, are economic uncertainty and social changes taking place in the country. Trying to solve the problem facing the country, the government uses economic tools of demographic policy. In this regard, the issues of determining the necessary volumes of investment in human capital become important. The aim of the study is to develop and implement a methodology for analyzing the tangible costs of parental labor. The methodological basis of the study is the following: the research of the Russian scientists (N. M. Rimashevskaya, N. A. Kontakova, A. Sinitsa, etc.) and the foreign authors (G. Baker, P. Mira, S. Olivetti, etc.) investigating the issues of improving the methods of demographic policy, determining the cost of childcare, etc. Information base of the study includes data from official Russian statistics and budgets of the regions included in the Ural Federal District. To identify the features of the dynamics of the studied indicators, the basic indicators of time series were analyzed. The results of the study are as follows: 1) the key methodological provisions of the study of material costs of parental labor (classification of costs, stages of analysis and features of calculations on each of them) are developed; 2) the dynamics of direct and indirect parental labor in the period from 2011 to 2017 was analyzed; 3) the total cost of parental labor associated with the infant stage of its implementation in the Ural Federal district was calculated. Taking into account the tangible costs associated with the implementation of parental labor, will reveal the real costs of families for the birth, upbringing and socialization of the child, monitor the effectiveness of state measures of demographic policy, timely adjust the measures used and apply new tools aimed at stabilizing the demographic situation in the Russian Federation. Further directions of our research are associated with the assessment of tangible costs of parental labor at each stage of parental labor, as well as the study of the contribution of various subjects of parental labor in the development of the human capital of children.

Purpose. The analysis of people's level of satisfaction with various areas of life in the places of residence as information basis of development of the concept of perspective development of residential districts of Ekaterinburg. Methods. We used stratified sample of respondents who live in Ekaterinburg city (N=3547). We applied SPSS 22.0 for data analysis. Descriptive statistics, the correlation analysis and tests for independent samples were used. Results. The received estimates of citizens demonstrate differentiation of residential districts by value judgment of the population. The most safe on «feelings» of citizens: new residential districts with actively developing infrastructure; «old» prestigious residential districts of the downtown; the brought closer to the center and sleeping residential districts with the developed infrastructure. Significant correlations between the level of satisfaction and social and demographic characteristics of respondents are revealed: the assessment of financial position is higher, the degree of satisfaction with various areas of life in districts is higher. We found distinctions in estimates of some areas of life in residential districts depending on sex and an occupation of respondents. Results of research will form the basis of the Concept of perspective development of residential districts of the municipality of Ekaterinburg city till 2035 (the municipal contract No. 15/2016-2 of 17.11.2016). Scientific novelty. The realized research project is the first empirical work on microdifferentiation of the territories of accommodation in Ekaterinburg city. The significance of a study of satisfaction of inhabitants as element of a technique of applied urbanistic researches is shown. Use of results of such researches in the course of the municipal government, on the one hand, increases the level of validity of the made decisions, and on the another hand bring closer it to the models of city comanaging which were extremely demanded today.

Purpose: Development of the content of further professional training of the public and municipal employees in the demographic sphere and the disclosure of its potential outcomes in the form of practically required competencies. The study was sponsored by the RSSF in the frames of the research project ("Motivation of parental labour, strategy and tactics of regulation of reproductive attitudes of the population in the Ural Region"), project number 12-03-00073a. Methodology and methods. The basis for the further training program development is the competence approach, aimed at identifying the most important training outcomes adequate to demographic problems of the Ural region. Results. Objectives of the further professional training of public and municipal employees in the demographic sphere are defined, specialized competencies it is aimed at are identified, re-training as a potential form is considered. As part of the further professional training program the three-level model of studies is offered, including the theoretical and methodological, methodical and technological levels. General content of the proposed disciplines is revealed. Scientific novelty. Scientific novelty is in the outcomes of the comparative analysis between the content of specific disciplines and identifying of the potential learning outcomes at the level of the further professional training for a specific group of specialists.