Pinkovetskaia Yulia S.

The development of healthcare is currently an urgent problem in Russia and its regions. The aim of the study was to evaluate five indicators characterizing the development of the healthcare system in the regions of Russia. At the same time, the tasks of developing a methodology for assessing the regional features of the development of the healthcare system in Russia, as well as the achieved level of accessibility of hospital and outpatient medical care in the regions, the availability of qualified medical personnel, as well as their remuneration were solved. The study used official statistical information on the activities of medical organizations located in all 82 regions of Russia for 2020. The density functions of the normal distribution were used as models. The study showed that, on average, the following specific values of indicators were achieved for ten thousand inhabitants in the regions. 85 hospital beds, there are ten thousand inhabitants. The capacity

of outpatient organizations was 289 patients for ten thousand inhabitants. On average, there are 48 doctors and 107 nurses per ten thousand residents. In most regions, remuneration in the healthcare sector did not differ significantly from the average pay in the corresponding region. The proposed methodological approach and the results obtained have scientific novelty, since a comprehensive assessment of the regional features of medical care in the regions of Russia has not been carried out before. The practical significance of the study for state and regional authorities is to take into account the peculiarities of the development of the healthcare system in the regions of Russia. The results of the work can be used in the activities of federal and regional structures related to the organization of medical care to the population and the justification for allocating additional resources to regions with a low level of medical care.

Purpose. The development of entrepreneurship requires the information about the age of aspiring entrepreneurs in modern countries. The goal of the study was to analyze the start of entrepreneurial activity in a number of national economies. At the same time, the following tasks were fulfilled: identification of the main age groups of women-entrepreneurs who set up their own businesses; analysis of proportion of female entrepreneurs in five age groups in different countries; and evaluation of the average values and intervals of changes of five indicators. Methods. The research is based on statistical and economic methods, modeling of empirical data and comparative analysis, as well as systematization and structuring of information. The initial data were the materials of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitoring project for 59 countries. The estimation of the distribution of women-entrepreneurs in these countries was carried out on the basis of the construction of five economic and mathematical models, which were the density functions of the normal distribution. Results. In the course of the computational experiment, the average values of the considered indicators were established. It was proved that women-entrepreneurs prefer to set up their own businesses between the age of 25 and 44. A significant decrease in the number of beginning women-entrepreneurs is observed in the pre-retirement age. It is shown that in 2018 there were significant differences in the values of the five indicators considered by country. The countries that are characterized by the maximum and minimum values of the indicators were identified. A comparative analysis of the values of indicators for Russia and foreign countries was carried out. Scientific novelty. New knowledge has been gained about the age of women-entrepreneurs starting their businesses in modern economies. A comparative cross-country analysis of the start of entrepreneurial activity by women was carried out. 

Purpose. The purpose of the study was to assess the effectiveness of the main infrastructure elements of business development in various countries, according to experts from these countries. These elements were: knowledge and technology transfer infrastructure; commercial and professional infrastructure; production and information infrastructure; market infrastructure; institutions providing easy access to existing markets; and social and cultural infrastructure. Methods. The research is based on methods of economic analysis, analogies, generalizations, classification, system, and structural approaches. Information from the Global entrepreneurship monitoring project report for 54 countries was used as input data. The estimation of the distribution of the values of indicators reflecting the opinions of experts from these countries on the effectiveness of the six main infrastructure elements of business development was based on modeling of empirical data using normal distribution density functions. Results. During the study, the average values of indicators that characterize experts’ opinions on a scale of ten about the effectiveness of each of the six key infrastructure elements of business development, and the intervals of their changes, characteristic for the majority of countries were determined. It is proved that the highest average value for countries is marked by an indicator that, according to experts, characterizes the efficiency of production and information infrastructure. And the lowest average value is typical for such an indicator as the efficiency of the knowledge and technology transfer infrastructure. The tasks of identifying countries with high and low levels of efficiency of each of the main elements have been solved. It is shown that the values of each of the six indicators under consideration are significantly differentiated across 54 countries. The absence of links between the values of each of the considered indicators and such factors as the level of income of the population in specific countries and their geographical location is confirmed. Scientific novelty. New knowledge about the effectiveness of infrastructure elements of business development in various countries has been obtained.

Purpose. Assessment of the existing levels early entrepreneurial activity of women and their motivational preferences in creating their own business. Comparative analysis of the early women's and men's entrepreneurial activities. Methods. The study is based on the methods of economic and statistical analysis. The information obtained in the 2016-2017 survey of women's entrepreneurship in 74 countries, presented in the report of Global entrepreneurship monitor (GEM) project, that was used as a baseline. Normal distribution density functions were used in the modeling process. The test conducted on the basis of Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Pearson and Shapiro-Wilk criteria showed that the functions obtained from the computational experiment have a high quality of empirical data approximation. Results. The features of women's entrepreneurship and barriers hindering its development are revealed. The analysis of early women entrepreneurial activity, which on average reached 10.8% of the total number of adult women aged 18 to 64 years in all countries under consideration, was made. The existing levels of voluntary and forced motivation of women are estimated. Proved the preponderance of the voluntary motivation in the majority of countries. A comparative analysis ratio of women's and men's early entrepreneurial activity, as well as ratio of share voluntary motivation in women and men. It is shown that the last ratio to date in all countries exceeds 80%. The countries with high and low values of the considered indicators are defined. Scientific novelty. Scientific novelty lies in the study on the distribution of indicators characterizing the motivation of women entrepreneurs and the existing gender gap between them and men entrepreneurs. New methods and tools of such analysis are proposed. Presented comparative analysis development of women's entrepreneurship in Russia and foreign countries.

Purpose. To identify the patterns typical for the standard production volumes of small and medium businesses in Russia and to reveal sectoral and dimensional structure. Methods. Methods of economic-statistical analysis have been used for calculations. Structural shifts have been estimated through Ryabtsev index. The revenue modeling of the SME aggregates has been based on the normal distribution density functions development. Results and practical importance. The current size and sector structure of revenues in business sector and also changes in the structure over five years have been analyzed; the specific revenue figures per enterprise and per employee are identified; the differentiation of specific revenues by SME aggregates in the Russian regions is estimated. The practical importance of the research results refers to the possibility of their application directly by entrepreneurs when calculating the prospective revenue. In addition, the results obtained can be applied by of regional and municipal authorities when monitoring the business sector activities. Scientific novelty. The research reveals revenue patterns typical for 2015 SMEs aggregates relating to the three dimensional categories and 14 types of economic activity. The dimensional and sectoral structural shifts over the period from 2010 to 2015 are estimated. The possibility to analyze the differentiation of revenue values for SMEs aggregates through the density functions of normal distribution has been justified. The average revenue per enterprise and per employee for every dimensional category and industry has been determined.

Purpose. The article presents the results of the conducted by the author research of the principles of enterprises operation in the municipal districts, exemplified by the Rostov region. Scientific novelty. The normal distribution density functions are designed, describing the means and the current differentiation on such indicators as the number of business entities per 10 thousand inhabitants of the region concerned, revenue per business structure, number of employees, revenue per an employee. Results. The indicators are considered characterizing the industrial structure of the number of small and medium-sized businesses and the number of their employees. Function audit results on the goodness-of-fit test are presented. The analysis of principles typical for the performance of business entities of municipal districts in the aggregate is provided.

The article present the results made by the author research of the achieved level of investment in the fixed capital small and medium entrepreneurship, showed the sufficient differentiation of values investment in the regions of the country, suggested and proved the possibility of use of economic-mathematical models for the describing of getting regularities. There are three classes of models that describe such indicators as the share of investment in the fixed capital of entrepreneurial structures in the whole amount of investment in the regions of the country, the amount of investment, account on one person in every region, the relations between investment in the fixed capital and turnover.