Schulz E.E.

Purpose. The article analyzes the theory of state modernization as a result of revolutions. Methods. Theoretical concepts of modernization in the course of revolutions are considered in the article. Deductive and inductive method, logic, analysis and synthesis have been applied as the main out of the general scientific methods; comparative analysis and structural-functional method have also been used. Results. Revolution becomes, of course, the structural reason of the further modernization of the country in which the processes of modernization (urbanization, industrialization and democratization) are structurally interconnected and interdependent, but placed in the long run, and are ultimately related to the "generating" them revolution, nearly the same as the industrial revolution of the XVIII-XIX centuries to the religious wars in Europe in the XVI-XVII centuries. Revolutions should not lead to democracy and democratic changes in the full and modern sense. However, the indisputable consequence of all revolutions is destruction of the privileged rank, establishment of new social structure of society (by the example of the Western European and American countries, "to the standards of New times"), which inevitably leads to "democratization" in the process of society development. And this change in the social structure as a consequence of revolution, which in the historical perspective leads to urbanization and democratization, might be the only sign where the thesis of modernization in the course of revolution can not be argued. Scientific novelty. The article focuses on one of the key and the most common researchers' points of view on revolutions as a way of the countries' modernization and provides a fundamentally different attitude to the theory of modernization as a result of revolutions. The author discusses a common belief in historiography that the reasons and consequences of the revolution are based on the modernization problems in the country (which is unable to solve these problems through reforms). These perceptions "have been transferred" in the full range onto the Russian revolution. The author concludes that causes and consequences of modernization should be rather carefully attributed to revolutions, and the first revolution to be seriously claimed as aiming in part at modernization of the state is the 1917 revolution in Russia. From the author's the point of view, revolution is sure to become the structural cause of the further modernization of the country in which modernization processes (urbanization, industrialization and democratization) are structurally interconnected and interdependent, but placed in the long run. The author assumes that the only sign where the thesis of modernization in the course of revolution can not be argued is the change in social structure.

Purpose. Studying of a complex of K. Marx’ and F. Engels’ ideas on the theory of revolution: the reasons, consequences, algorithm, regularities of revolutions, in a context of the representations which have developed to the XIX century about this subject in social, political and philosophical thought. Methods. The study of theoretical representations about the revolutions which have been developed to "Marx's era" and defined views of the German philosopher. Bases of Marx’s theory of revolution are presented in comparison with special researches of his predecessors and contemporaries, and look genetically connected with the era and a condition of research thought. Results. To the middle of the XIX century there was a complex of theoretical ideas of revolutions, laws of their emergence and development. Marx's ideas of revolutions didn't arise from scratch and in many respects don't represent essentially anything new, they "grew up" from this research environment and are genetically connected with the era and a condition of research thought of that time. Marx isn't engaged in revolution definition as the phenomena, doesn't bring anything new in studying of algorithm. In views of the reasons of emergence of revolutions Marx takes part of adherents "economic approach" and builds it at the center, bringing to degree of an extreme determinism. From the point of view of consequences of revolutions Marx focuses attention on transition as a result of revolutions not only to a new system, but also to a new formation the idea which has been already stated to Marx, but, perhaps, at Marx received the greatest value. In what Marx really acted as the innovator is in a typologization of revolutions. Scientific innovation. The theory of revolution of Marx is considered by researchers as the finished complex of independent and innovative ideas. Marx had no own finished theory of revolution, but only separated, though numerous, statements on this subject, based on achievements modern to it research thought which since the end of the XIX century "Marxists" started systematizing in the full theory. Numerous provisions of the theory of revolution, attributed to Marx, belong to successors, instead of Marx.